¿Que son los Prototipos Textuales?
Son las características estructurales de los textos que definen un texto como tal. Cada prototipo textual tiene un lenguaje específico y estructuras externas e internas particulares.
Características Externas:
Son aquellas que se observan a simple vista sin necesidad de leer el texto y se refiere a la distribución del contenido y al esquema de presentación.
Características Internas:
Son aquellas características que se observan al leer un texto tales como la objetividad, subjetividad, marcas textuales, modos discursivos y prototipos textuales.
Propiedades de la Redacción:
Adecuación: Es el uso del lenguaje apropiado para dirigirse al destinatario del mensaje. Y tiene implícita la intención comunicativa para que el destinatario logre una mejor comprensión.
Coherencia: Es la relación lógica de las ideas dentro de un escrito. Cualquier texto, sin importar su extensión, debe tener un orden y un hilo conductor que le dé sentido para que lo expresado en conjunto se entienda con precisión.
La coherencia exige que cada párrafo desarrolle un asunto: exponerlo desde la primera frase y enriquecerlo con las oraciones subsecuentes. Luego ocurrirá lo mismo con los siguientes párrafos. Si esto cumple hay sentido, estructura y unidad. Se puede estructurar el texto siguiendo criterios de tiempo, lugar o progresión del asunto o del objeto de estudio.
Cohesión: La cohesión permite relacionar entre si las partes del tema a desarrollar en un escrito. Este concepto se refiere a uso de ciertos nexos o enlaces gramaticales que permiten hacer mas entendible la expresión. La morfología aporta estos valiosos elementos gramaticales que son las preposiciones, conjunciones, locuciones y otros, los cuales sirven para unir y relacionar el resto de las palabras (sustantivos, adjetivos, verbos...).
Para relacionar las frases redactadas hay diversos procedimientos de enlace, como los enlaces fraseológicos: "es decir", "esto es", "o sea", "mejor dicho", "ahora bien" entre otros.
Los enlaces semánticos, las palabras del mismo campo semántico, también dan cohesión; por ejemplo: "el sapo es un batracio, lo mismo que la salamandra y la rana"o bien: "Yadira esta a la moda en todos los aspectos, no solo en calzado, lo mismo en ropa, telas adornos, bisutería..."
la elipsis también es un procedimiento de cohesión textual; se usa cuando se omiten ciertos elementos de la oración que se comprenden fácilmente, por ejemplo: "Tú viajarás en avión y yo en autobús". Nos evita redactar partes innecesarias: "Tú viajaras en avión y yo viajaré en autobús". Otro ejemplo: "Rodolfo ha visitado el mismo museo que Karla (ha visitado)". Lo incluido en el paréntesis resulta innecesario.
Los llamados conectores discursivos o conectivos se utilizan para establecer relaciones lógicas entre las oraciones del texto. Son una especie de indicador que permite anticipar el sentido en el que el redactor formulara la siguiente idea dentro del párrafo.
Brevedad, Sencillez y Claridad: Si un texto cumple con las propiedades de redacción ya estudiadas lo mas seguro es que cualquier lector lo entienda. Aun así, algunos especialistas exigen ademas otras cualidades que depuran la presentación del escrito y se refieren a la brevedad, sencillez y claridad.
Brevedad: Es el tamaño del texto en su conjunto y la gracia de decir en pocas palabras un mensaje.
Sencillez: Es usar un lenguaje directo sin rebuscamientos o frases largas y complicadas. De lo contrario puede construirse en algo falso, sin originalidad y hasta ridiculo.
Claridad: es una consecuencia de las dos anteriores, pero incluye otro elemento: exponer la idea completa para una cabal comprensión de texto.
Lograr brevedad, sencillez y claridad no significa que un unico parrafo se agote todo lo que quiere decir. Por el contrario, puedes conservar esas cualidades sin importar cuantas paginas escribas sobre un tema.
Los Prototipos Textuales y sus características:
Narración: La narración tiene el propósito de relatar algo delimitado por el tiempo y el espacio donde se suscitan los hechos. Se vale de los verbos y sustantivos para construir la historia pormenorizada: lo que pasa, a quien le pasa y como sucede.
Como forma de expresión lingüística es fácil ubicar la narración en una crónica periodística, en las memorias de un autor, la recreación de una época, la reseña de una actividad, la semblanza de un viaje y otras situaciones.
Para narrar se exige primero observar los hechos, escoger los momentos que parezcan más importantes o dignos de ser contados y, por último, como requisito indispensable de la redacción, darles un orden.Por más emoción que refleje el autor no puede descuidar la práctica de ordenar los acontecimientos, de darles una secuencia.
Los elementos que contiene una redacción son:
Narrador: Quien cuenta la historia, puede ser alguien real o imaginario y refiere lo sucedido en primara persona, si es alguien que vivió directamente los hechos, o en tercera, si sólo cuenta lo que ha visto y escuchado como testigo.
Acontecimiento: Hecho como tal, es quizás el factor más importante; sobre éste originan la acción, los personajes, el ritmo del relato (las pausas, la intensidad, el desarrollo, etc. )
Personajes: Son los participantes del relato.
Ambiente: Lugar donde suceden los acontecimientos y las circunstancias que los rodean.
Tiempo: Indican cuándo suceden los hechos.
Narración:Para que un texto realmente sea una narración, no olvides que estás contando una historia completa: se hace una introducción, se involucran uno o varios personajes, se plantea una serie de circunstancias, se desarrolla la acción y tiene un final o un desenlace. La narración puede ser meramente informativa,
Para que tu texto realmente sea una narración, no olvides que estás contando una historia completa: se hace una introducción, se involucran uno o varios personajes, se plantea una serie de circunstancias, se desarrolla la acción y tiene un final o desenlace. La narración puede ser meramente informativa, como ocurre en el periodismo. Pero la más común es la narración con tintes literarios, que se divide en:
Subjetiva: Quien cuenta todo es uno de los personajes del relato.
Objetiva: El narrador se limita a ser un observador y relatar el hecho.
Histórica: Lo contado se refiere a un acontecimiento del pasado.
Realista: Se apega fielmente a la realidad, aunque le reste fuerza al lenguaje.
Fantástica: Se refiere a hachos que difícilmente ocurrirían en la realidad.
Ciencia ficción: Se refiere a hachos que podrían ocurrir en el futuro.
DESCRIPCIÓN:Describir es plasmar a detalle las características de un lugar, una lugar persona o un objeto. Una descripción hecho con palabras. Este prototipo textual se vale principalmente del adjetivo, que sirve para calificar, señalar cualidades, delimitar rasgos y otras funciones.
Debe reflejar los datos más significativos de lo observador y estar redactada con un nivel semántico y del lenguaje adecuado al contexto.
Algunos tipos de descripción son:
Prosotografía: Descripción física de una persona.
Etopeya: Descripción moral.
Retrato: Descripción que enlaza las dos anteriores.
Topografía: Descripción de un lugar.
Cronografía: Descripción referida a lo acontecido en un tiempo determinado.
Describir implica el uso de recursos expresivos diversos, entre ellos la adjetivación como elemento principal; la enumeración para completar y aumentar la perspectiva de lo descrito. También es válida la personificación para atribuir a ciertos objetos y animales cualidades propias de los seres humanos. La comparación y la metáfora se san para embellecer aspectos sombríos, la exageración para matizar algunas características irrelevantes.
La descripción como prototipo te ayuda a acrecentar tu lenguaje, porque te da la oportunidad de usar muchas y diversas palabras. Ademas es un prototipo que combina bien con la narración; de hecho es frecuente encontrarlos juntos.
EXPOSICIÓN:Los textos que pertenecen a la exposición son informativos y manejan conceptos concretos. No hay evaluación persona; si acaso priva la descripción técnica, las partes que integran un concepto o la enumeración de elementos identificables en un fenómeno científico.
El propósito de este prototipo textual es presentar en forma clara, ordenada y sistemática los hechos y sistemática los hechos y las ideas. Esta forma se dirige sólo al intelecto de las personas, por tanto el lenguaje es directo, sin rebuscamientos. No puede acudirse a las metáforas, alegorías u otras figuras literarias. El objetivo central es informar.
ARGUMENTACIÓN:La argumentación es el conjunto de razonamientos que conducen a lograr la aceptación o el rechazo de una tesis propuesta. Su propósito central es convencer, persuadir es el mejor sentido de la expresión para que el lector adopte de una idea, opinión o siga un curso de acción .
No se trata de engatusar o echar rollo.
Los estudiosos coinciden en que la argumentación está dirigida al intelecto de las personas;sin embargo, en la dinámica que implica convencer, debe recurrirse a las emociones. Su estructura de elaboración es un poco más compleja: se parte de una idea central y a continuación los argumentos para defenderla; se exponen ciertas evidencias para sostenerla e incluso quien la elabora debe anticiparse con contra argumentos para una posible refutación de quién está en desacuerdo.
Vale señalar que la argumentación requiere mayor desarrollo intelectual y conocimiento del tema sobre el cual se escribe. La formulación de esta prototipo se auxilia de casi todas las clases de palabras: verbos, sustantivos y adjetivos. En los argumentos se expone la solidez de las ideas y se fortalecen con recursos verbales. En la vida cotidiana puede encontrarse que esta forma adopta en los artículos editoriales, los de la opinión, la crítica literaria y el ensayo.
Los temas que pueden abordarse son variados: política, desarrollo social, educación, salud, religión, libertad, juventud acual, responsabilidad, moralidad y un sinfín de vertientes sobre esas ramas. Se subraya la exigencia de conocer un asunto para exponer opiniones claras, sencillas y concisas. La argumentación es responsabilidad de cada autor, que adquiere prestigio si a partir de esta forma del discurso logra manifestar un bagaje cultural sólido y expresarse con propiedad.
Diálogo: El diálogo puede formar parte de cualquier escrito, y en cuanto a su forma también se le considera un prototipo textual. El diálogo es la conversación entre dos o más personas, las cuales exponen sus argumentos y puntos de vista alternamente. Da pie al debate, a la exposición de ideas, a la defensa de argumentos, y puede contraponer opiniones o propiciar un acuerdo.
Hay diálogos que conducen meramente al intercambio de datos o expresiones.
En los escritos literarios, es común encontrar el diálogo para apoyar las acciones en voz propia de los personajes.
Hecho por: Cruz Jr. Daniel y Hernández Martínez Jazibe
Grupo:138
Prototipos Textuales
domingo, 5 de octubre de 2014
Textual Prototyping
What are Textual Prototype?
Are the structural features of the texts that define a text as such. Each prototype has a specific textual language and particular external and internal structures.
External Features:
Are those that are easily visible without reading the text and refers to the distribution of content and presentation scheme.
Internal Features:
Are those features seen reading a text such as objectivity, subjectivity, textual marks, textual discursive modes and prototypes.
Properties Editor:
Appropriateness: Is the use of language appropriate to address the recipient of the message. And is implicit communicative intention that the recipient further understand.
Consistency: The logical relationship of ideas within a writing. Any text, regardless of extension, you must have an order and a thread that gives meaning to the statements as a whole accurately understand.
Consistency requires that each paragraph develops an issue: expose from the first sentence and enrich it with subsequent sentences. Then the same will happen with the following paragraphs. If this meets no meaning, structure and unity. You can structure the text following criteria of time, place or progression of the subject or object of study.
Cohesion: Cohesion allows linking between the parties to the subject to develop a writing. This concept refers to the use of certain grammatical links or links that allow the expression more understandable. The morphology provides these valuable grammatical elements that are prepositions, conjunctions, and other utterances, which serve to connect and relate the rest of the words (nouns, adjectives, verbs ...).
To relate worded phrases link there are different procedures, as phraseological links "ie", "rather", "however" among others.
The semantic links, the words of the same semantic field, also give cohesion; for example: "the frog is an amphibian, like the salamander and frog" or "Yadira is fashionable in all aspects, not just footwear, both in clothing, fabric ornaments, jewelry ... "
Ellipsis is also a method of textual cohesion; used when certain elements of prayer that are easily understood, for example are omitted: "You will travel by plane and bus." We avoid writing unnecessary parts: "You you traveled by plane and I travel by bus." Another example: "Rodolfo has visited the same museum Karla (was)". The included in the brackets is unnecessary.
The so-called connectors or discourse connectives are used to establish logical relationships between sentences of the text. They are a kind of indicator to anticipate the direction in which the writer formulated the following idea in the paragraph.
Brevity, Simplicity and Clarity: If a text adheres to the properties studied drafting and it is more likely that any reader understands. Still, some experts also require other qualities that purify the presentation of written and refer to brevity, simplicity and clarity.
Brevity: Is the size of the text as a whole and the grace to say in a few words a message.
Simplicity: We use direct language without affectation or long and complicated sentences. Otherwise you can build something false, unoriginal and even ridiculous.
Clarity: It is a consequence of the previous two, but includes another element to expose the complete picture for a full understanding of text.
Achieving brevity, simplicity and clarity does not mean that one paragraph runs everything means. Instead, you can keep those qualities no matter how many pages you write about a topic.
Textual Prototypes and their characteristics:
Event: Made as such is perhaps the most important factor; it originates on the action, the characters, the pace of the story (pauses, intensity, development, etc.)
Characters: Are the participants of the story.
Atmosphere: The place where events happen and the circumstances surrounding them.
Time: Indicates when events happen.
Narration: For a text really is a story, do not forget you're telling a complete story: an introduction is made, involving one or more characters, a set of circumstances arises, the action unfolds and comes to an end or outcome . The narrative can be purely informative,
To make your text really is a story, do not forget you're telling a complete story: an introduction is made, involving one or more characters, a set of circumstances arises, the action unfolds and comes to an end or outcome. The narrative can be purely informative, as in journalism. But the most common is the literary narrative with dyes, which is divided into:
Subjective: Who all has one of the characters in the story.
Objective: The narrator merely be an observer and report the incident.
Historical: The spot refers to a past event.
Realistic: It faithfully adheres to reality, although resting force of language.
Fantastic: Refers to torches which hardly occur in reality.
Science fiction: Means torches that could occur in the future.
DESCRIPTION: Describe in detail is to capture the characteristics of a place, a place or an object. A description made with words. This prototype uses mainly textual adjective, used to describe, identify qualities define features and other functions.
It should reflect the most significant data of the observer and be written with a semantic level and language appropriate to the context.
Some types of description are:
Prosopography: physical description of a person.
Etopeya: moral description.
Portrait: description that links the two.
Topography: Description of a place.
Chronography: Description refers to what happened at a certain time.
Describe involves the use of various expressive resources, including the main adjectives element; enumeration to complete and enhance the perspective described. It is also valid to attribute the personification of certain objects and animals human beings own qualities. Comparison and metaphor to beautify san dark sides, exaggeration to refine some irrelevant features.
The description as the prototype helps you enhance your language, because it gives you the opportunity to use many different words. It is also a prototype that combines well with the narrative; in fact are often found together.
Expocision:The texts belonging to the exhibition are informative and handle concrete concepts. No person assessment; Just in case deprives the technical description, the parts of a concept or enumeration of identifiable elements in a scientific phenomenon.
The purpose of this prototype is presented in textual clear, orderly and systematic systematic facts and the facts and ideas form. This form is directed only to the intellect of the people, so the language is direct, without affectation. You can not acudirse metaphors, allegories and other literary figures. The main objective is to inform.
ARGUMENT: The argument is the set of arguments that lead to gain acceptance or rejection of a thesis proposal. Its central purpose is to convince, persuade the best sense of the term so that the reader take an idea, opinion or follow a course of action.
It is not to cajole or take roll.
Scholars agree that the argument is addressed to the intellect of the people; however, the dynamics involves convincing, must be appealed to the emotions. Processing structure is a bit more complex: one starts with a central idea and then the arguments to defend it; some evidence to support it and even who should be anticipated with drawn against arguments for a possible refutation who disagree are exposed.
Worth noting that the argument requires more intellectual development and knowledge of the subject on which it is written. The development of this prototype is helped by almost all word classes: verbs, nouns and adjectives. On the strength of the arguments set forth ideas and verbal resources are strengthened. In daily life you may find that this form takes editorials in the Review, literary criticism and essays.
Topics to be addressed are varied: political, social development, education, health, religion, freedom, today's youth, responsibility, morality and endless slopes on these branches. The need to understand a subject to present clear, simple and concise reviews is stressed. The argument is the responsibility of each author, which acquires prestige if from this form of speech does express a strong cultural background and speak properly.
Dialogue: The dialogue can be part of any writing, and their form is also considered a textual prototype. Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons, which expose their arguments and views alternately. Gives rise to debate, to the exposition of ideas, the defense arguments, and can oppose opinions or promote a settlement.
There are talks that lead merely to exchange data or expressions.
In literary writings, it is common to find the dialogue to support the actions of the characters voice.
Made by: Cruz Jr. Daniel & Hernández Martínez Jazibe
Group: 138
Are the structural features of the texts that define a text as such. Each prototype has a specific textual language and particular external and internal structures.
External Features:
Are those that are easily visible without reading the text and refers to the distribution of content and presentation scheme.
Internal Features:
Are those features seen reading a text such as objectivity, subjectivity, textual marks, textual discursive modes and prototypes.
Properties Editor:
Appropriateness: Is the use of language appropriate to address the recipient of the message. And is implicit communicative intention that the recipient further understand.
Consistency: The logical relationship of ideas within a writing. Any text, regardless of extension, you must have an order and a thread that gives meaning to the statements as a whole accurately understand.
Consistency requires that each paragraph develops an issue: expose from the first sentence and enrich it with subsequent sentences. Then the same will happen with the following paragraphs. If this meets no meaning, structure and unity. You can structure the text following criteria of time, place or progression of the subject or object of study.
Cohesion: Cohesion allows linking between the parties to the subject to develop a writing. This concept refers to the use of certain grammatical links or links that allow the expression more understandable. The morphology provides these valuable grammatical elements that are prepositions, conjunctions, and other utterances, which serve to connect and relate the rest of the words (nouns, adjectives, verbs ...).
To relate worded phrases link there are different procedures, as phraseological links "ie", "rather", "however" among others.
The semantic links, the words of the same semantic field, also give cohesion; for example: "the frog is an amphibian, like the salamander and frog" or "Yadira is fashionable in all aspects, not just footwear, both in clothing, fabric ornaments, jewelry ... "
Ellipsis is also a method of textual cohesion; used when certain elements of prayer that are easily understood, for example are omitted: "You will travel by plane and bus." We avoid writing unnecessary parts: "You you traveled by plane and I travel by bus." Another example: "Rodolfo has visited the same museum Karla (was)". The included in the brackets is unnecessary.
The so-called connectors or discourse connectives are used to establish logical relationships between sentences of the text. They are a kind of indicator to anticipate the direction in which the writer formulated the following idea in the paragraph.
Brevity, Simplicity and Clarity: If a text adheres to the properties studied drafting and it is more likely that any reader understands. Still, some experts also require other qualities that purify the presentation of written and refer to brevity, simplicity and clarity.
Brevity: Is the size of the text as a whole and the grace to say in a few words a message.
Simplicity: We use direct language without affectation or long and complicated sentences. Otherwise you can build something false, unoriginal and even ridiculous.
Clarity: It is a consequence of the previous two, but includes another element to expose the complete picture for a full understanding of text.
Achieving brevity, simplicity and clarity does not mean that one paragraph runs everything means. Instead, you can keep those qualities no matter how many pages you write about a topic.
Textual Prototypes and their characteristics:
Narrative: The narrative is intended to relate something bounded by time and space where events arise. It uses verbs and nouns to build the detailed story: what happens, happens and who it happens.
As a form of linguistic expression is easy to locate the narrative in a news story in the memoirs of an author, the recreation of an era, the review of an activity, the semblance of a travel and other situations.
Required to narrate the facts first observe, choose the moments that seem more important or worthy of being counted and, finally, as a prerequisite of writing, give them an order. For more excitement to reflect the author can not neglect the practice of ordering events, to give them a string.
The elements containing an essay are:
Narrator: who tells the story, someone may be real or imaginary and relates what happened in the first person, if someone who lived the events directly, or third, if you only have what you have seen and heard as a witness.Event: Made as such is perhaps the most important factor; it originates on the action, the characters, the pace of the story (pauses, intensity, development, etc.)
Characters: Are the participants of the story.
Atmosphere: The place where events happen and the circumstances surrounding them.
Time: Indicates when events happen.
Narration: For a text really is a story, do not forget you're telling a complete story: an introduction is made, involving one or more characters, a set of circumstances arises, the action unfolds and comes to an end or outcome . The narrative can be purely informative,
To make your text really is a story, do not forget you're telling a complete story: an introduction is made, involving one or more characters, a set of circumstances arises, the action unfolds and comes to an end or outcome. The narrative can be purely informative, as in journalism. But the most common is the literary narrative with dyes, which is divided into:
Subjective: Who all has one of the characters in the story.
Objective: The narrator merely be an observer and report the incident.
Historical: The spot refers to a past event.
Realistic: It faithfully adheres to reality, although resting force of language.
Fantastic: Refers to torches which hardly occur in reality.
Science fiction: Means torches that could occur in the future.
DESCRIPTION: Describe in detail is to capture the characteristics of a place, a place or an object. A description made with words. This prototype uses mainly textual adjective, used to describe, identify qualities define features and other functions.
It should reflect the most significant data of the observer and be written with a semantic level and language appropriate to the context.
Some types of description are:
Prosopography: physical description of a person.
Etopeya: moral description.
Portrait: description that links the two.
Topography: Description of a place.
Chronography: Description refers to what happened at a certain time.
Describe involves the use of various expressive resources, including the main adjectives element; enumeration to complete and enhance the perspective described. It is also valid to attribute the personification of certain objects and animals human beings own qualities. Comparison and metaphor to beautify san dark sides, exaggeration to refine some irrelevant features.
The description as the prototype helps you enhance your language, because it gives you the opportunity to use many different words. It is also a prototype that combines well with the narrative; in fact are often found together.
Expocision:The texts belonging to the exhibition are informative and handle concrete concepts. No person assessment; Just in case deprives the technical description, the parts of a concept or enumeration of identifiable elements in a scientific phenomenon.
The purpose of this prototype is presented in textual clear, orderly and systematic systematic facts and the facts and ideas form. This form is directed only to the intellect of the people, so the language is direct, without affectation. You can not acudirse metaphors, allegories and other literary figures. The main objective is to inform.
It is not to cajole or take roll.
Scholars agree that the argument is addressed to the intellect of the people; however, the dynamics involves convincing, must be appealed to the emotions. Processing structure is a bit more complex: one starts with a central idea and then the arguments to defend it; some evidence to support it and even who should be anticipated with drawn against arguments for a possible refutation who disagree are exposed.
Worth noting that the argument requires more intellectual development and knowledge of the subject on which it is written. The development of this prototype is helped by almost all word classes: verbs, nouns and adjectives. On the strength of the arguments set forth ideas and verbal resources are strengthened. In daily life you may find that this form takes editorials in the Review, literary criticism and essays.
Topics to be addressed are varied: political, social development, education, health, religion, freedom, today's youth, responsibility, morality and endless slopes on these branches. The need to understand a subject to present clear, simple and concise reviews is stressed. The argument is the responsibility of each author, which acquires prestige if from this form of speech does express a strong cultural background and speak properly.
Dialogue: The dialogue can be part of any writing, and their form is also considered a textual prototype. Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons, which expose their arguments and views alternately. Gives rise to debate, to the exposition of ideas, the defense arguments, and can oppose opinions or promote a settlement.
There are talks that lead merely to exchange data or expressions.
In literary writings, it is common to find the dialogue to support the actions of the characters voice.
Group: 138
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